The same analysis points to structural questions for the ecosystem: Europe currently has no Tier-1 humanoid-robotics company shipping at a scale comparable to some US and Chinese rivals, and one of Germany's best-known robotics brands has been under non-European ownership since 2016. On the policy side, the analysis notes that the AI Act's conformity-assessment and human-oversight requirements for high-risk autonomous systems may favour European manufacturers with long-standing CE-certification experience over newer entrants.

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