Commissioned by the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CNECT), this study evaluates the functioning and impact of the Geo-blocking Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2018/302) on cross-border e-commerce in the EU. It forms part of the Commission’s ongoing monitoring and assessment framework and offers an in-depth analysis of the Regulation’s role in reducing discrimination based on customers’ nationality, place of residence, or establishment.

The study includes a literature review, analysis of available data on intra-EU e-commerce trade, and a novel survey involving over 2,000 firms engaged in online sales across the EU. Additionally, interviews were conducted with key stakeholders representing both e-commerce sellers and consumer interests.

Findings indicate that while the Regulation has supported growth in cross-border e-commerce—particularly accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic—challenges remain. These include VAT-related barriers, fragmented regulatory frameworks, and logistical constraints such as meeting growing consumer demand for fast delivery. Stakeholders identified several policy options to address these barriers, highlighting the need for further harmonisation, improved enforcement, and enhanced support for businesses operating cross-border.

The study concludes that a more integrated and well-functioning digital single market will require continued attention to regulatory alignment and deeper analysis of the cost-benefit impacts of potential policy reforms.