Agricultural labour input fell by 2.2% in 2025 alone, and by nearly a third over the past 15 years, as mechanisation and competing job opportunities continue to draw workers away from farming. This contraction, combined with a 5.8% rise in the value of output, pushed real income per worker up across most member states, led by Estonia, Luxembourg, Romania and Poland, though Greece, Cyprus and Bulgaria recorded declines.

Input costs, covering items such as fertilisers, feed and energy, rose only modestly (0.4%) in 2025 after two years of decline, though fertiliser and veterinary costs both increased. France, Germany, Spain and Italy together accounted for over half of the EU's total agricultural output value.

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