Fertiliser consumption fell noticeably, helping reduce both median and maximum nitrogen surplus per hectare since 2021, while on-farm energy consumption rose. Country-level trends diverge sharply: agricultural ammonia emissions fell in 24 OECD countries between 2013 and 2023 but rose in 10 others, underscoring that overall gains mask significant variation in how individual countries are performing.

The indicators, drawn from the OECD's dashboard on measuring the environmental performance of agriculture, are widely used as a benchmark for EU agricultural sustainability policy, including in the OECD's broader Productivity-Sustainability-Resilience framework applied to the EU's Common Agricultural Policy.

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